1/30/2024 0 Comments For ipod download Chang jin huThe second immunity branch, named effector-triggered immunity (ETI), recognizes effectors by RESISTANCE (R) proteins, mostly nod-like receptor, or nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins and mount a more robust response ( Cui et al., 2015). The first branch, named pathogen-triggered immunity (PTI), uses pattern recognition receptors to detect microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns to trigger basal resistance ( Boller and Felix, 2009). Plants rely on multilayered and multibranched immune systems to fight off pathogens ( Chisholm et al., 2006 Jones and Dangl, 2006). Ambient temperature within the normal range of plant growth influences both pathogen virulence and host immune response ( Colhoun, 1973 Browder, 1985 Huot et al., 2017). Temperature sensitivity was reported for plant disease resistance as early as 1969 ( Dropkin, 1969) and has been observed in various plant-pathogen interactions ( Wang et al., 2009). Temperature has a large impact on plant growth, development, and defense responses. Thus, low temperature enhances the SA pathway to promote immunity and at the same time uses ethylene to repress multiple SA regulators to achieve fine-tuned immune responses. The repression by ethylene is mediated by a direct regulation of the ethylene response transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) on multiple SA biosynthesis and signaling genes. The inhibition of SA biosynthesis by ethylene, while mainly through ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1/SALICYLIC ACID-INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 ( ICS1/ SID2) at normal temperature, is through ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY5 ( EDS5)/ SID1, ICS2, and ICS1/SID2 at lower temperature. SA signaling is repressed by jasmonic acid and ethylene at both normal and low temperatures. This enhancement is dependent on SA signaling and is accompanied by up-regulation of multiple SA biosynthesis and signaling genes at lower temperature. Here, we report that moderately low temperature enhances immunity to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana). Earlier studies identified intracellular immune receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes and salicylic acid (SA) as targets of high-temperature inhibition of plant immunity. Temperature has a large impact on plant immune responses.
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